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Meta (from the Greekmeta- μετά- meaning 'after' or 'beyond') is a prefix used in English to indicate a concept which is an abstraction behind another concept, used to complete or add to the latter.
Fast and easy meta-analysis software. Research synthesis, systematic review for finding effect size, creating forest plots, and much more. Meta-analytic regressions further indicate that team cognition explains significant incremental variance in team performance after the effects of behavioral and motivational dynamics have been controlled.
Original Greek meaning[edit]
In Greek, the prefix meta- is generally less esoteric than in English; Greek meta- is equivalent to the Latin words post- or ad-. The use of the prefix in this sense occurs occasionally in scientific English terms derived from Greek. For example: the term Metatheria (the name for the clade of marsupialmammals) uses the prefix meta- in the sense the Metatheria occur on the tree of life adjacent to the Theria (the placental mammals).
Epistemology[edit]
In epistemology, and often in common use, the prefix meta- is used to mean about (its own category). For example, metadata are data about data (who has produced them, when, what format the data are in and so on). In a database, metadata are also data about data stored in a data dictionary and describe information (data) about database tables such as the table name, table owner, details about columns, – essentially describing the table. Also, metamemory in psychology means an individual's knowledge about whether or not they would remember something if they concentrated on recalling it. The modern sense of 'an X about X' has given rise to concepts like 'meta-cognition' (i.e. cognition about cognition), 'meta-emotion' (i.e. emotion about emotion), 'meta-discussion' (i.e. discussion about discussion), 'meta-joke' (i.e. joke about jokes), and 'metaprogramming' (i.e. writing programs that manipulate programs).[citation needed]
In a rule-based system, a metarule is a rule governing the application of other rules.[1]
On higher level of abstraction[edit]
Any subject can be said to have a metatheory, a theoretical consideration of its properties, such as its foundations, methods, form and utility, on a higher level of abstraction. In linguistics, a grammar is considered as being expressed in a metalanguage, language operating on a higher level to describe properties of the plain language (and not itself).
Etymology[edit]
The prefix comes from the Greekpreposition and prefixmeta- (μετά-), from μετά,[2] which meant 'after', 'beside', 'with', 'among' (with respect to the preposition, some of these meanings were distinguished by case marking). Other meanings include 'beyond', 'adjacent' and 'self', and it is also used in the form μητα- as a prefix in Greek, with variants μετ- before vowels and μεθ- 'meth-' before aspirated vowels.
The earliest form of the word 'meta' is the Mycenaean Greekme-ta, written in Linear B syllabic script.[3] The Greek preposition is cognate with the Old English preposition mid 'with', still found as a prefix in midwife. Its use in English is the result of back-formation from the word 'metaphysics'. In origin Metaphysics was just the title of one of the principal works of Aristotle; it was so named (by Andronicus of Rhodes) because in the customary ordering of the works of Aristotle it was the book following Physics; it thus meant nothing more than '[the book that comes] after [the book entitled] Physics'. However, even Latin writers misinterpreted this as entailing metaphysics constituted 'the science of what is beyond the physical'.[4] Nonetheless, Aristotle's Metaphysics enunciates considerations of natures above physical realities, which one can examine through this particular part of philosophy, e.g., the existence of God. The use of the prefix was later extended to other contexts based on the understanding of metaphysics to mean 'the science of what is beyond the physical'.
Quine and Hofstadter[edit]
The Oxford English Dictionary cites uses of the meta- prefix as 'beyond, about' (such as meta-economics and meta-philosophy) going back to 1917. However, these formations are parallel to the original 'metaphysics' and 'metaphysical', that is, as a prefix to general nouns (fields of study) or adjectives. Going by the OED citations, it began being used with specific nouns in connection with mathematical logic sometime before 1929. (In 1920 David Hilbert proposed a research project in what was called 'metamathematics.')
A notable early citation is Quine's 1937 use of the word 'metatheorem',[5] where meta- has the modern meaning of 'an X about X'. (Note earlier uses of 'meta-economics' and even 'metaphysics' do not have this doubled conceptual structure – they are about or beyond X but they do not themselves constitute an X).
Douglas Hofstadter, in his 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach (and in the sequel, Metamagical Themas), popularized this meaning of the term. The book, which deals with self-reference and strange loops, and touches on Quine and his work, was influential in many computer-related subcultures and may be responsible for the popularity of the prefix, for its use as a solo term, and for the many recent coinages which use it.[6] Hofstadter uses meta as a stand-alone word, as an adjective and as a directional preposition ('going meta,' a term he coins for the old rhetorical trick of taking a debate or analysis to another level of abstraction, as when somebody says 'This debate isn't going anywhere'). This book may also be responsible for the association of 'meta' with strange loops, as opposed to just abstraction.[citation needed] The sentence 'This sentence contains thirty-six letters,' and the sentence which embeds it, are examples of 'metasentences' referencing themselves in this way.
See also[edit]
- ML (programming language), a language for handling languages
- Wikipedia, a Wikipedia page about Wikipedia, an example of a meta Wikipedia page
![Pdf Pdf](https://splits.s3.amazonaws.com/b4372ebfa720b4678287e9e7175a9832d7beabc5/splits/v9/split-0-page-1-html-bg.jpg?X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIAYW2E6VOLDTI35A%2F20190417%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190417T165529Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=518400&X-Amz-Signature=17305558b1272befdf5bc19241a2e708d553c1857ba1c45201332d7e9e799a6f)
References[edit]
- ^Schild, Uri J.; Herzog, Shai (1993). The Use of Meta-rules in Rule Based Legal Computer Systems. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. ICAIL '93. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: ACM. pp. 100–109. doi:10.1145/158976.158989.
- ^μητά, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
- ^'The Linear B word me-ta'. Palaeolexicon.com.
- ^'Metaphysics'. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^Willard Van Orman Quine, 'Logic Based on Inclusion and Abstraction', The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 145–152, December 1937
- ^Cohen, Noam (Sep 5, 1988). 'Meta-Musings'. The New Republic.
External links[edit]
- List of ancient Greek words starting with meta-, on Perseus
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meta&oldid=897535366'
When you view a PDF, you can get information about it, such as the title, the fonts used, and security settings. Some of this information is set by the person who created the document, and some is generated automatically.
In Acrobat, you can change any information that can be set by the document creator, unless the file has been saved with security settings that prevent changes.
Showsbasic information about the document. The title, author, subject,and keywords may have been set by the person who created the documentin the source application, such as Word or InDesign, or by the person whocreated the PDF. You can search for these description items to findparticular documents. The Keywords section can be particularly usefulfor narrowing searches.
![Meta Meta](https://http2.mlstatic.com/a-meta-eliyahu-m-goldratt-pdf-D_NQ_NP_804961-MLB26356244671_112017-O.jpg)
Note that many search engines use the titleto describe the document in their search results list. If a PDFdoes not have a title, the filename appears in the results listinstead. A file’s title is not necessarily the same as its filename.
The Advanced areashows the PDF version, the page size, number of pages, whether thedocument is tagged, and if it’s enabled for Fast WebView. (The size of the first page is reported in PDFsor PDF Portfolios that contain multiple page sizes.)This information is generated automatically and cannot be modified.
Describeswhat changes and functionality are allowed within the PDF. If apassword, certificate, or security policy has been applied to thePDF, the method is listed here.
Lists the fonts and the font typesused in the original document, and the fonts, font types, and encodingused to display the original fonts.
If substitute fonts are used andyou aren’t satisfied with their appearance, you may want to installthe original fonts on your system or ask the document creator tore-create the document with the original fonts embedded in it.
Describeshow the PDF appears when it’s opened. This includes the initialwindow size, the opening page number and magnification level, andwhether bookmarks, thumbnails, the toolbar, and the menu bar aredisplayed. You can change any of these settings to control how thedocument appears the next time it is opened. You can also createJavaScript that runs when a page is viewed, a document is opened,and more.
Lets you add document propertiesto your document.
ListsPDF settings, print dialog presets, and reading options for the document.
In the PDF settings for Acrobat,you can set a base Uniform Resource Locator (URL)for web links in the document. Specifying a base URL makes it easyfor you to manage web links to other websites. If the URL to theother site changes, you can simply edit the base URL and not haveto edit each individual web link that refers to that site. The baseURL is not used if a link contains a complete URL address.
Youcan also associate a catalog index file (PDX) with the PDF. Whenthe PDF is searched with the Search PDF window,all of the PDFs that are indexed by the specified PDX file are alsosearched.
You can include prepress information, such as trapping,for the document. You can define print presets for a document, whichprepopulate the Print dialog box with document-specific values.You can also set reading options that determine how the PDF is readby a screen reader or other assistive device.
You can add keywords to the document propertiesof a PDF that other people might use in a search utility to locatethe PDF.
- Click the Description tab, and type the author’s name,subject, and keywords.
- (Optional) Click Additional Metadata toadd other descriptive information, such as copyright information.
You can add custom document propertiesthat store specific types of metadata, such as the version numberor company name, in a PDF. Properties you create appear in the DocumentProperties dialog box. Properties you create must have unique namesthat do not appear in the other tabs in the DocumentProperties dialog box.
- To add a property, type the name and value, and thenclick Add.
- To change the properties, do any of the following, andthen click OK:
- To edit a property, select it, change theValue, and then click Change.
- To delete a property, select it and click Delete.
To change the name of a custom property, delete theproperty and create a new custom property with the name you want.
PDFdocuments created in Acrobat 5.0 or later contain document metadatain XML format. Metadata includes information about the documentand its contents, such as the author’s name, keywords, and copyrightinformation, that can be used by search utilities. The documentmetadata contains (but is not limited to) information that alsoappears in the Description tab of the Document Properties dialogbox. Document metadata can be extended and modified using third-partyproducts.
The ExtensibleMetadata Platform (XMP) provides Adobe applicationswith a common XML framework that standardizes the creation, processing,and interchange of document metadata across publishing workflows.You can save and import the document metadata XML source code inXMP format, making it easy to share metadata among different documents.You can also save document metadata to a metadata template thatyou can reuse in Acrobat.
- Choose File > Properties, and clickthe Additional Metadata button in the Descriptiontab.
- Click Advanced to display all the metadata embedded inthe document. (Metadata is displayed by schema—that is, in predefinedgroups of related information.) Display or hide the informationin schemas by schema name. If a schema doesn’t have a recognizedname, it is listed as Unknown. The XML name space is contained inparentheses after the schema name.
- Choose File > Properties, click theDescription tab, and then click Additional Metadata.
- To edit the metadata, do any of the following, and thenclick OK.
- To add previously saved information, click Append, select an XMP or FFO file, and click Open.
- To add new information and replace the current metadata with information stored in an XMP file, click Replace, select a saved XMP or FFO file, and click Open. New properties are added, existing properties that are also specified in the new file are replaced, and existing properties that are not in the replacement file remain in the metadata.
- To delete an XML schema, select it and click Delete.
- To append the current metadata with metadata from a template, hold down Ctrl (Windows) or Command (Mac OS) and choose a template name from the dialog box menu in the upper right corner.
Note:You must save a metadata template before you can import metadata from a template.To replace the current metadata with a template of metadata, choose a template file (XMP) from the dialog box menu in the upper right corner.
- Choose File > Properties, click theDescription tab, and then click Additional Metadata.
- To save the metadata to an external file,click Save and name the file. The metadata is stored as a file inXMP format. (To use the saved metadata in another PDF, open thedocument and use these instructions to replace or append metadatain the document.)
- To save the metadata as a template, choose SaveMetadata Template from the dialog box menu in the upper right corner,and name the file.
Youcan view the metadata information of certain objects, tags, andimages within a PDF. You can edit and export metadata for Visioobjects only.
Use the Object Data tool to view object grouping and object data.
- Select an object, right-click the selection, and chooseShow Metadata. (If Show Metadata is unavailable, the image has nometadata associated with it.)
- Double-click an object on the page to show its metadata.The Model Tree opens and showsa hierarchical list of all structural elements. The selected object’smetadata appears as editable properties and values at the bottomof the Model Tree.Note:Theselected object is highlighted on the page. Use the HighlightColor menu at the top of the Model Tree tochoose a different color.
- To edit the metadata, type in the boxes at the bottomof the Model Tree.
- To export object metadata, from the options menu, choose ExportAs XML > Whole Tree to exportall objects in the Model Tree, or choose Export As XML > CurrentNode to export only the selected object and its children.Name and save the file.
- Double-click an object on the page to show its metadata.
- From the options menu , chooseone of the following:
- Choose Export As XML > WholeTree to export all objects.
- Choose Export As XML > CurrentNode to export only the selected object and its children.
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